It is possible to debug a specific akonadi resource. This is done by restarting akonadi with specific environment variables. For example to debug the EWS resource:
Heaptrack (memory profiler) with AKONADI_HEAPTRACK=akonadi_ews_resource akonadictl restart to start the profiling and akonadictl stop to stop it.
Valgrid (dynamic memory analysis tool) with the AKONADI_VALGRIND environment variable. By default, this uses the memcheck tool, but this can be changed with the AKONADI_VALGRIND_SKIN environment variable. More options can be passed with the AKONADI_VALGRIND_OPTIONS environment variable.
Perf (CPU profiler) with the AKONADI_PERF environment variable. This can then be visualized with Hotspot.